Parkinson's disease

#80

Good review of diet and supplements for PD: The Role of Diet in Parkinson’s Disease 2024

My tl;dr after skimming through it (let me know if I made a mistake):

  • Mediterranean: good
  • MIND diet: good
  • Vegan: neutral, quality matters (“A recent UK biobank analysis found an association between a healthful plant-based diet and reduced PD risk (HR = 0.78 (95% CI: 0.61–0.99)), whereas an unhealthy plant-based diet was associated with a higher risk to develop PD (HR = 1.38 (95% CI: 1.08-1.74))”)
  • Keto: potential benefits but challenging and safety unclear
  • Dairy: bad? because of pesticides?
  • Alcohol: good? (but there might be confounders)
  • Coffee: good (but why?)
  • Vit D: useless?
  • Vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids: good?
  • Vitamins B6, B9, and B12: might be good?
  • Vitamin B1: :man_shrugging:
  • Vitamin C: enhances levodopa absorption
  • Citicoline: :man_shrugging:
  • Fiber, prebiotics, and probiotics: might be good? but huge heterogeneity in the bacterial strains, dosages, treatment durations, and methods of administration between included trials
  • Mucuna pruriens: not recommended
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#81

I’m not a doctor and this is in no way constitutes medical advice…but have you considered dapsone, it’s a really old drug discovered in 1908, and over the century has been used for different purposes in humans. The reason I mention it is, that it seems to up-regulates Parkin levels which may be useful in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

Blockquote

Disturbance of protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system might have a critical role in neurodegeneration. Parkin is a ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in protein degradation as collaborating with the ubiquitinconjugating enzyme UbcH7. PD patients show loss of this ubiquitin-protein ligase activity [66, [67]

Interestingly, long-term treatment with dapsone (2 mg/kg) restores parkin levels through its up-regulation. Furthermore, chronic treatment with dapsone prevents neuronal loss related to normal aging and reduces oxidative stress in mice with MPTP-induced PD [[68]

Blockquote

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#82

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https://www.science.org/content/article/twist-fate-what-happens-when-top-parkinson-s-researcher-gets-disease

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#83

This is from May 2023. Indeed, dozens of teams are working on alpha-synuclein assays to detect Parkinson’s (and also Lewy Body Dementia and Multiple System Atrophy) up to 10 years before the current clinical diagnosis. Ideally, you want a blood test. It looks like we’re getting very close to that: Researchers develop a blood test to identify individuals at risk of developing Parkinson’s disease | University of Oxford (Dec 2023)

I assume by 2030 (hopefully way earlier), everyone will get a PD blood test at age 40, then every five years. And if the test is positive, they’ll start taking whatever drug to slow down the progression (e.g., exenatide, empagliflozin, telmisartan, GlyNAC, etc., who knows?).

I mention telmisartan again here because:

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A Blood Test for Alzheimer's Disease Is Almost Here
#84

2 posts were split to a new topic: A Blood Test for Alzheimer’s Disease Is Almost Here

#85

Interesting: Rajagopal V. Sekhar, the author of the study that found a 24% lifespan increase in mice (see here for analysis and caveats: Glycine+NAC vs Rapamycin ), published a subsequent paper last year: GlyNAC (Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine) Supplementation in Old Mice Improves Brain Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Glucose Uptake, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Genomic Damage, Inflammation and Neurotrophic Factors to Reverse Age-Associated Cognitive Decline: Implications for Improving Brain Health in Aging

The PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) is a mitochondrial-targeted kinase that recruits the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin to mitochondria to initiate mitophagy. This study found decreased protein expression of PINK1 suggesting decreased mitophagy in the aging brain. GlyNAC supplementation led to the recovery of PINK1 suggesting improvement in brain mitophagy. Improving mitophagy in the brain would result in optimizing and improving overall brain mitochondrial function, and thereby improve brain health and cognitive function.
GDNF is identified as being important for preserving the health of dopaminergic neurons, with implications for Parkinson’s disease, but there appears to be limited clinical success of exogenously administered GDNF. Another interesting study reported that ischemia-injured neurons were rescued by astrocytic GDNF modulation [112] suggesting a wider role for GDNF in preserving and promoting brain health and recovery. Therefore, it is interesting to find that the aged mice in this study had low expression of GDNF in the brain and that GDNF expression improved to levels seen in young mice after GlyNAC supplementation. This finding indicates restoration of endogenous GDNF in their native environment rather than provision via exogenous administration. While it may be premature to consider the implications of GlyNAC supplementation in Parkinson’s disease based on this study which did not measure GDNF specifically in dopaminergic neurons, the findings of this study nevertheless support the need for future research on the effect of GlyNAC supplementation in dopaminergic neurons and signaling pathways.

The same team tried high-dose GlyNAC on older adults and found improvements in some aging hallmarks that are also Parkinson’s hallmarks: mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin-resistance, cognition, strength, and gait-speed:

They’re also running larger trials of GlyNAC for AD, MCI, and Covid-19 recovery. Wait and see…

So I wonder if there could be benefits of GlyNAC in PD. This Nov 2023 paper notes: Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease – a key disease hallmark with therapeutic potential

A related approach is to try and boost brain concentrations of glutathione (Table 2). Nigral levels of glutathione are lower in PD patients, possibly because of an increased reliance upon glycolysis for ATP production in PD patients. Elevating glutathione has been proposed and explored in preclinical and clinical trials. However, it is unclear whether this is simply an effect of mitochondrial dysfunction and whether adequate brain concentrations can be achieved with oral dosing. N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC), an approved drug to treat acetaminophen induced liver failure, increases cellular glutathione levels in vivo. Notably, weekly intravenous administration of NAC over 3 months in idiopathic PD patients revealed a significant clinical improvement which was paralleled by increased dopamine transporter binding during ioflupane imaging (DaTSCAN).

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Oral glutathione ranked first in the 2023 Mischley survey (if you only include compounds with n > 50). But it seems better to give the body the building blocks of glutathione (glycine and NAC) than glutathione itself.

However, here they conclude: How to Increase Cellular Glutathione 2023

In addition, as a general concept, it also needs to be clarified whether there is sufficient evidence that increasing GSH levels is associated with improved prognosis or protection against disease. Increasing GSH levels is certainly possible, but there is little clinical evidence to support the impressive promises that theory and experimental research have made. In other words, it is not yet fully established whether increasing GSH levels is beneficial, as there are still no solid clinical trials to support this, and there are doubts about the efficacy of treatments in humans. It is not the aim of this review to investigate the reasons for the failures or uncertainties in this area, but we have limited ourselves to assessing which molecules might actually be able to increase GSH levels and by what mechanism, as some are likely to be much more efficient than others.

Would be great for the ITP to test GlyNAC…

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#86

Wow :clap: what a great argument !

I really would love to see that tested in a PD model / human clinical trial :heart:

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#87

I’ve just emailed Pr. Sekhar and asked him about GlyNAC in the ITP and potential PD studies. I’ll keep you posted if he gets back to me…

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#88

Just published: Modeling the neuroimmune system in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases

Notably, the immune system has been implicated in both diseases, with a particular focus on the dysfunction of microglia, the brain’s resident immune cells, contributing to neuronal loss and exacerbating symptoms.
Recently, the discovery of increased circulating levels of pro-inflammatory markers in AD and PD patients suggested a strong interplay between various neuroimmune and inflammatory mechanisms.
These cells play diverse roles in maintaining the function, plasticity, and integrity of the CNS. Additionally, microglia are actively involved in maintaining homeostasis of the CNS upon various challenges. They contribute significantly to neurogenesis, synapse formation, modification and pruning, vasculature maintenance and repair, axonal myelination, and other essential activities that support CNS activity and health.
In healthy individuals, the central and peripheral immune systems are structurally distinct, thanks to the presence of the highly specialized blood–brain barrier (BBB). In PD, the BBB is known to be leaky, allowing for a less-regulated passage of the peripheral immune cells into the brain parenchyma.
Often, immunomodulation offers a relatively simpler treatment option, utilizing preapproved drugs with known safety and tolerability profiles. Current and prospective immunomodulatory therapies can be categorized into three main groups, broad spectrum immunosuppression, specific immune pathway targeting and microglial targeting

Surprisingly, they list “Kaeberlein M, Galvan V. Rapamycin and Alzheimer’s disease: time for a clinical trial? Sci Transl Med. 2019;11(476)” in the references but they don’t mention rapamycin/sirolimus or any rapalogs at any point :thinking:

Table 3 lists various drugs targeting the immune response system currently being trialed, including two for PD:

  • Biomarker Validation Following Sargramostim Treatment in Parkinson’s Disease, ending in May 2024.
  • A trial investigating whether suppressing the immune system with azathioprine slows the progression of Parkinson’s disease, by Cure Parkinson’s UK: “The aim is to publish the results of the trial in autumn 2024.” Here was their rationale for starting this trial. And the protocol paper:
    • “We propose that direct suppression of the peripheral immune system is an alternative, highly relevant therapeutic strategy that has not been tested in clinical trials to date. Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant drug widely used in clinical practice for a range of immune-related conditions. It is a purine analogue that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis, hence reducing proliferation of lymphocytes involved in targeting and amplification of the immune response. It affects both the cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses through reducing T and B lymphocyte proliferation. It was selected over other immunosuppressants because of its established efficacy in a range of clinical conditions, including central nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis, and its acceptable safety profile with recognised protocols for toxicity monitoring. Furthermore, it is generally well tolerated in the elderly and is a once-daily preparation for ease of administration.”
    • “Further evidence of an immune contribution to PD risk comes from epidemiological studies: individuals who regularly take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have reduced risk of developing PD, as do those on immunosuppressive therapy. There is also evidence that immune activation impacts on disease progression rate. In a large incident PD cohort, a proinflammatory serum cytokine profile at baseline was associated with faster motor progression and impaired cognition over 36 months of follow-up.”
    • “Furthermore, ciclosporin, a widely used immunosuppressant, is effective in improving motor and cognitive deficits in multiple mouse models of PD.”

Sargramostim is an immunostimulant while azathioprine is an immunosuppressant like rapamycin. Azathioprine is used for Crohn’s disease (IBD), and interestingly: “Patients with IBD who were not treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-α or azathioprine had significantly higher PD risk (adjusted HR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2–2.2).” (Association between inflammatory bowel diseases and Parkinson’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis 2022) TNF inhibitors include the following immunosuppressants:

I don’t think anyone is taking the above immunosuppressants for longevity. But the ITP is currently testing another immunosuppressant: methotrexate.

Surprisingly, telmisartan is also a TNF inhibitor (source) (and also being tested in the ITP).

If microglial protection/activation is a strategy, then it’s interesting to see that:

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#89

@momgotshocked, as you’re taking simvastatin, you might be interested in the findings of the above trial.

See also: https://twitter.com/AlbertoEspay/status/1632395647499345920

I wonder if there are better alternatives out there:

  • Simvastatin is lipophilic. Hydrophilic statins like rosuvastatin look even worse: “hydrophilic statin users also showed significantly faster clinical progression of non-motor symptoms” (Parkinson’s Disease Progression and Statins: Hydrophobicity Matters 2022)
  • PCSK9 inhibitors might not be better according to this preprint: “Our analysis suggests that the use of HMGCR and NPC1L1 inhibitors may contribute to the transition of PD patients from PIGD subtype to TD subtype, while the use of PCSK9 inhibitors may pose a risk of worsening PD.” (Genetic Associations of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Parkinson’s Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study 2024)
  • NPC1L1 inhibitors like ezetimibe might be better according to the same preprint. Another 2022 preprint found a significant negative association between ezetimibe and PD (Towards a phenome-wide view of Parkinson’s disease). I don’t know why the paper was never published, I contacted the author. [Update, author’s answer: “This paper is still under peer review. The ezetimibe finding will not be in the final version, as we ended up changing our statistical approach. It is possible that this finding is a statistical anomaly, because there were a relatively small number of people in the study taking it in total. That said, we are doing to examine it in the future in a larger cohort, which may make it more clear as to whether or not it is a real result.”]
  • I couldn’t find anything for fibrates, bempedoic acid, niacin, and psyllium.
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Rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin treatment in adults with coronary artery disease: secondary analysis of the randomised LODESTAR trial (2023)
Rapamycin and risk of cardiovascular disease
#90

Their own point seems to be that statins would generally lower PD risk and the point above is about a subtype of PD only??

This is the opening paragraphs/abstract of the paper

Conclusion A casual association between HMGCRinhibition and reduced overall PD risk was identified, but there were increased the risks of tremor-dominant subtypes.

—-

Example of when MR is not the same as the medication:

Note that PCSK9 in MR are from lifelong exposure including within the brain and CNS - and including from in the womb and while young and brain is growing like crazy - and then through rest of life

The current medicines to inhibit PCSK9 do not have those impacts - both because you do not take them while you are a fetus or young child and because PCSK9i medicines are not small molecule medicines but large antibodies…. they are not thought to cross the blood brain barrier?

See also below post and the one that followed it if you scroll down from that link. Does this analysis make sense or what am I missing?

#91

See also:

Today, virtually all large molecule drugs and more than 98 percent of small molecule drugs in the human bloodstream are unable to enter the central nervous system because of a ‘locked gate’ known as the blood-brain barrier.

Repatha and Pradulent as antibody based treatments should fit in the “large, non-small molecule” category.

From the link in

#92

Found this interesting

COVID and the Brain

A study using stem cell derived dopamine neurons shows that SARS-CoV-2 targets dopamine neurons in the brain. Autopsy specimens confirmed this finding. Once infected by SARS-CoV-2, dopamine-producing neurons lose their ability to grow and divide. They also stop producing dopamine and send out signals that trigger inflammation instead. Parkinson’s disease is caused by the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain- specifically in the substantia nigra in the midbrain and this area is affected by COVID.

Some years after the 1918 Spanish flu epidemic, there was an increase in Parkinson’s cases. This new study suggests that there may be an increase in Parkinson’s cases related to COVID infection in the near future as well. Using high-throughput screening, the researchers in this study identified three FDA approved drugs that may protect the dopamine neurons in the brain from being infected by COVID. Riluzole (glutamate inhibitor for ALS), Metformin (oral type II diabetes medication), and Imatinib(tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for some leukemias) may be useful in protecting dopamine neurons from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The authors also recommended long-term monitoring of neurological problems in people who have had COVID-19.

Regarding COVID and the brain, a new multicenter study shows that people with Long COVID have severe cognitive slowing that is 2 to 3 standard deviations slowerthan controls. Comorbidities such as fatigue, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and post-traumatic stress disorder did not account for the extent of cognitive slowing in patients with Long COVID. Severe slowing of brain function affects individuals, but it also has major implications for the work force and the economy on a population level.

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#93

That sounds like them (dopamine neurons) turning sensecent.

#94

Another great reason to take Metformin. :slight_smile:

#95

Yes, but high-quality RCT > preprint MR, so I trust the RCT more regarding statins and PD.

On the other hand, this preprint MR is all we have regarding PCSK9i and PD, so it’s enough for me to wave a “red flag” (or maybe just yellow/orange? :slight_smile: ) on PCSK9, for now.

That’s an interesting point, thanks.

It doesn’t need to cross the BBB to cause damage.

Is this the source? I agree with the author. There’s an increase of all NDDs (not only PD, also AD) after infections (not only Covid, also just the flu), see: Virus exposure and neurodegenerative disease risk across national biobanks 2023. So there we’ll see an increase in NDDs in the next few years. Long Covid is just the tip of the iceberg. It doesn’t mean we need to panic, but it’s good to be aware of the risk and to take preventive measures to avoid viral infections and help the body recover after unfortunate infections (we can’t avoid 100%).

It’s probably good at a low dose, indeed. At high doses, metformin is toxic to mitochondria and is associated with higher rates of PD.

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#96

Yes. I think if you take Metformin, it should be 500 mg or less daily.

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#97

Yes (extra characters)

#98

Thanks.

Not the best journal and authors not from the most prestigious institution but still an interesting article: Urolithin A in Health and Diseases: Prospects for Parkinson’s Disease Management 2023

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Interesting conclusion:

Even though the compound can be produced from naturally occurring polyphenols in plant foods – ellagitannins and ellagic acid, the impact of direct UA supplementation on human health and its potential beneficial impact must be assessed. […] Safety, bioavailability, pattern of distribution, and mechanism of action in humans must be established. Regarding PD, given the recent advancement in detecting prodromal individuals before diagnosis and the potential prognostic value of the α-synuclein biomarker, research into selecting the right time for UA intervention shows promise to delay PD onset or progression to people at an increased risk [102]. Nevertheless, as predicted by computer modelling, low brain bioavailability of UA is orders of magnitudes lower than concentrations that provide neuroprotective effects [96], and thus should be managed by any supplementation scenario. Advanced nutritional approaches enabling the delivery of UA in a calibrated manner are likely to play a key role in bridging the gap created by the natural heterogeneity of the gut microbiome to deliver health benefits. […] In this context, UA was recently suggested as a potential biomarker of gut dysbiosis and disease stage in PD patients. Taken together, the data gathered herein support the health-promoting activity of UA. Regarding PD, UA-based intervention offers new strategies to improve the prevention, treatment, and even diagnostics of the disease.

For those who want to know more about UA, see: Urolithin A (UA) One of 4 Promising Agents 2024 by Brian Kennedy of NSU

Thanks A LOT again @Neo for pointing me towards UA! :pray:

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#99

Thanks for a good share - have you - or anyone else - seen anyway to test our levels?