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Note that this article is from a company selling peptides.
I found an article on the same website, talking about GHK-cu “Rewriting the Rules of Regeneration”. Referenced studies are almost all in pre-clinical or animal models.
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Interesting how there are activity threshold steps.
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A good video on SS-31 I discovered…
Mitochondria in Aging: From Bench to Bedside and Back Again
Analytical Brief: Mitochondrial Interventions and Geroscience
Source: Transcript of Presentation by Dr. Dave Marcinek, University of Washington
Executive Summary
This presentation reviews the role of mitochondrial dysfunction as an amplifier of age-related pathology, specifically sarcopenia (skeletal muscle aging) and cardiovascular decline. The core actionable insight focuses on the pharmacological manipulation of the inner mitochondrial membrane using the tetrapeptide Elamipretide (SS-31) to suppress proton leak and restore cellular sensitivity to energy demand.
Compound Profile: Elamipretide (SS-31)
Elamipretide demonstrates an acute capability to reverse age-related mitochondrial deficits rapidly (within hours), indicating it operates independently of slower, upstream processes like mitophagy or mitochondrial biogenesis.
- Primary Mechanism of Action: SS-31 associates with cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structures and promoting the assembly of electron transport supercomplexes.
- Direct Protein Interaction: Cross-linking mass spectrometry identifies 12 specific mitochondrial proteins that bind SS-31. Most notably, SS-31 directly interacts with the Adenine Nucleotide Transporter (ANT). ANT functions to import ADP into the mitochondrial matrix and export ATP, but it is also a primary channel for aberrant proton leak in aged tissues.
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Energetic Modification: SS-31 is modeled to bind to the matrix-facing (‘M state’) hinge of the ANT channel. This interaction biases the transporter away from an open, “leaky” conformation, resulting in two verified outcomes:
- Reduced Proton Leak: Improves the P/O ratio (coupling efficiency).
- Increased ADP Sensitivity: Enhances the rate of ATP production in response to physiological, submaximal concentrations of ADP (10–30 $\mu$M), without necessarily elevating the absolute maximum ATP ceiling.
Translational Efficacy & Physiological Impact
The data indicate that acute energetic corrections trigger cascading, systemic benefits across multiple tissue types.
- Skeletal Muscle: While absolute maximum force production remains unchanged with intervention, SS-31 significantly improves submaximal force endurance and fatigue resistance. This targets the functional threshold required for the activities of daily living.
- Cardiovascular & Renal: Eight-week administration in aged murine models improved both diastolic and systolic cardiac function (via global longitudinal strain analysis) and arrested age-related glomerular injury in the kidneys.
- Human Clinical Trial (Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial): In older adults (aged 60-85) screened for low baseline mitochondrial function, a single intravenous dose of Elamipretide elevated maximum mitochondrial ATP production in vivo within two hours. Interestingly, while the acute metabolic markers washed out after seven days, voluntary muscle fatigue resistance continued to improve at the seven-day mark. This suggests that a short-term correction of energy and redox states initiates a longer-term remodeling effect within the cellular environment.
Emerging Diagnostics: The Mitochondrial Protein Interactome
Moving beyond traditional bioenergetic analyses, Marcinek’s lab utilizes quantitative cross-linking mass spectrometry with Protein Interaction Reporter (PIR) molecules to map the mitochondrial interactome—the structural and functional network of protein-protein assemblies.
- Biological Age vs. Chronological Age: The degree of structural change in the mitochondrial interactome correlates directly with the Frailty Index (a multi-parameter assessment of overall health status).
- Sex-Specific Disparities: Analysis revealed that older females possess a significantly more deteriorated mitochondrial interactome and correspondingly higher frailty indices compared to chronological-aged matched males.
- Predictive Modeling: Deep neural networks are currently being trained to utilize interactome data as a predictor of biological age, functioning similarly to an epigenetic clock, but anchored strictly in mitochondrial structural fidelity.
Knowledge Gaps & Unresolved Mechanisms
- Short-Term vs. Long-Term Remodeling: The exact signal transduction pathways triggered by the acute correction of cellular redox/energy states remain unverified. The prevailing hypothesis is that reversing baseline energy stress un-blunts contraction-induced signaling pathways (e.g., AMPK, AKT, NRF2), allowing aged tissue to adapt to exercise stimuli similarly to young tissue.
- Structural Dynamics: The physical modeling of how SS-31 modulates the proton flow across the ANT pore currently lacks complete molecular dynamic simulations.
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I can’t post links so I suggest those interested search for the Substack called k-hole and read their recent article on SS31
Battle of the labs; The SS31 case
Their bottom line is that the SS-31 currently on the market should be removed , because it contains teflon-like polymers and is reportedly 5–10% acetylated .
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It sounds like someone tested one or two samples from one or two companies… and had some questionable results on some of the tests. You can hardly claim that all manufacturers have this specific issue from an extremely small sample size…
I think this is the article you are talking about: Battle of the labs; The SS31 case - Krysia
But yes, people should be concerned generally about the quality and contamination of grey market peptides, and we’ve discussed the different tests (including ones that generally are not done) that help you identify whether a peptide supply is what it claims to be. See here: ‘I wouldn’t dare take these drugs’: how China supplies untested peptides to the west (Financial Times)
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Is there any way that you could put this questionnaire at the top or near the top of this topic? It may be getting lost in this long thread of comments.
Thanks,
Jay
Yes paypal can send the popular coins but has a bias toward their own coin pyusd. Cash app just deals with bitcoin, BTC. Paypal i hear is the worst for banning users from sending crypto to drug vendors. Cash app just blocks you saying dangerous account.
That URL above for crypto training is good but these apps are not easy to use so the click by click steps are missing.
I chose Exodus as my soft wallet to hold crypto funds in wait prior to buying stuff. Few mention the 5 days ++ needed to get through KYC, know your customer, setup before you can buy coins. Or the lag time for funds to be “good funds”. So I move a sizable amount of cash through these apps and leave it. Yes a risk for being ripped off.
Much back and forth using cash app / paypal to send crypto TO Exodus I’ve decided that the easiest and lowest fees (treamendous losses to fees with multi hops) is to fund Exodus from WITHIN Exodus using their xfer app Moonpay. I’ve not had luck hooking a CC or debit card up to Moonpay but using Venmo under neath Moonpay.
EVERY tool needs KYC and 5 days to setup. The above within Exodus can take 10 days +/- 5 for KYC (can be shorter) for Exodus initially and another possible 5 for Moonpay. The quick verification of KYC never worked fast for me and always took many days. Maybe your electronic selfie can be electronically matched to your uploaded drivers license better then my DL and bad picture.
Glad to help over PM or email etc if you want to get these tools setup. Like Beth this qualifies as brain excersize doiing thinking things of “consequence” vs just sodocu puzzels.
Edging in a rant; this whole pitch about crypto being the future is such BS and crap! Slow, huge fees, insanely slow and not just BTC, monstrously complicated, too many tools. I can’t stop bitching about the huge falling short crypto has been!!! Avoid bitcoin, BTC, if you can. Vendors take many coins over many networks. USDC over Solana is often taken. Or Solana over of course solana. I used to think I was smart by storing long term in Exodus in Tether Gold, then gold dropped. I now give up and just store reserves in Solana. You need a small amount of solana if you send varioius coin types over solana to pay the fees anyway.
Good luckl, curt
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Hahahaa @curt504 I’ve been doing it and yet I only understood half of what you said… more brain exercising to do!
Instead of paying with Solana for my last order from PGB, and losing a little bit of value during the process due to currency fluctuations, I tried to keep it all in stablecoin… I couldn’t figure out how to pay and just gave up.
I don’t actually need anything but am thinking of stocking up incase it eventually gets harder to get things in the country.
I’m really here to comment that I’ve experienced the things you’ve mentioned.
I’ve purchased crypto through venmo, PayPal, and coinbase… each and every one of those places has frozen my transfers and cost me money during the time while my crypto was stuck in purgatory (and why I tried to keep it all in stablecoin last time). I ultimately send the crypto to exodus before paying. So yes, they freeze my transfers even sending my own money to my own wallet… grrrrrr.
I mostly try to use coinbase becasue I’m told the fees are lower, but I haven’t done it enough times to really know
The least expensive way, so I’m told, is to somehow buy solana within the exodus app… you go to an entirely different section… I looked but it was WAY too confusing for my old ADD brain 
One day I hope to learn just for the sake of learning. Maybe Claude can teach me!
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After posting the above I looked at my fees for funding $1000 into solana in Exodus; 3 layers, total fees where $96. Only $994 arrived. I went nutz and chatted in the Luther (peptide vendor on whatsapp, better then PGB, wider if not every peptide) crypto sub group. After googling I’m doiing this:
Moving to Kracken Pro, which unlike Exodus, supports native (integral to the app) ACH from a bank account. Free xfer with a few day ACH lag.
Sad, that funding Exodus via the many means: cash app sending BTC, paypal sending PYUSD, worse choice is the integral Moonpay under Exodus. Exodus is an ok wallet and xfer fees are tolerable its just so expensive to get funds unto an Exodus wallet from what ever tool you use.
Best of luck, curt
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There are lots of problems with crypto, but the transactional costs are much higher than the banking system.
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Bitcoin is terrible for buying drugs: network is too slow, fees are too high, and it’s too volatile.
Cheapest network is still Solana. Cheapest way to buy crypto is still to buy PYUSD on paypal, send to your Solana address, and optionally swap for your vendor’s preferred stablecoin. Takes me 2-3 minutes to do the above when I’m ready to buy. The transaction cost is usually less than 0.1 cents.
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Just reporting: setup Kracken Pro, funded from bank acct ACH $500. $500 arrived instantly. Bought $500 of solana, got $498 worth of Solana. Dug for the fee: $1.78. Still is 3.4% fee, but beats my prior worst fee paid of $96 on $1000, 9.6% fee all said in Exodus via moonpay via venmo via direct from bank acct.
All these apps used the same design guide; max confusion, hide or not implement obvious things. Make actions hard to figure out. Force you to google every small todo. ;( ;( ;(
In Kracken Pro looks like to send crypto to a rremote address (some vendor) its called a Withdraw. Paste the address or scan the QR code.
Good luck, curt
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Good tip. I gave up on cash app / paypal assuming funding fees are too high. This may be a good scenario for other crypto newbies. My torturous path I can’t recomend.
tnx for posting. I’ll experiment to see my transaction costs with this path, Curt
Can you spoon-feed me a bit here.
Buy PYUSD in PayPal, got it.
Send to my solana address (I don’t think you mean exodus, so where is this being sent to exactly?)
And after it is there, then I swap PYUSD to, for example, USDC… right?
And then I send it to the vendor.
If you have an Exodus wallet, you also have a Solana address (and a ETH address, and a Tron address, etc). To find your Solana address, go to any holdings you have in Solana network on Exodus, and press the receive button. That should show your address that sou should be able to copy.
AH, eureka…
So, I buy PYSUD
I send PYSUD to my solana address within Exodus
Then once in there, I swap it to USDC… and send it out from there…
I guess I assumed if in solana, I had to, um, buy solana :).
This is great, thank you!
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The list price for the branded version of SS-31:
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By frozen do you mean delayed or something else? I’ve never had a problem with Coinbase. I just keep enough cash in USDC to make an occasional purchase after which I re-supply more cash to USDC. Unless required I don’t specifically convert my USDC to Bitcoin for a purchase. It’s a fairly simple process to me, but if you’ve found a better system tell me about it.
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I’ve had multiple things happen.
I had a reasonable limit on my debit carb that I linked to fund coinbase and it worked really well a couple of times… but then
And I can’t remember the order of events…
one time it just delayed moving my assets over to my wallet… maybe it was a week (calling that frozen).
Then another time it showed ApplePay was an option to fund my coinbase, so I tried that… it failed becasue you can’t use Apple Pay :), and then it effected my other limits! I can now only move $50 at a time from my linked debit card and then it will will say $0 limit for several days… and then eventually it will say $50 again…
I have since linked PayPal and that limit is $1k, but PayPal charges a fee to move money over, so that seems pointless.
GAH!
I should contact them but I assume they will be as helpful as PayPal when they have held my xfers for a week … which means not helpful
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