The answer to your question is in this sentence.
Oops it’s 3%:
Source: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01296-0/abstract
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And sorry for the triple post but you’re asking about PD even though the above articles are about AD and LBD/PDD. I don’t know if we have that strong evidence for PD itself. For PD we have more evidence for chemicals, heavy metals and pesticides, which might explain the PD belt: Mystery of America’s ‘Parkinson’s Belt’ Where Chemicals ‘Are · Parkinson's Resource Organization
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See where wildfire smoke is getting worse in the U.S.
A new study shows wildfires are causing more than 40,000 premature deaths per year — and that rising temperatures will lead to even more.
Read full story: See where wildfire smoke is getting worse in the U.S. (WaPo)
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Think about where you want to live over the next 50 years:
A paper covering the trends for the future:
Global warming amplifies wildfire health burden and reshapes inequality
Global warming intensifies wildfires and exacerbates greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions1. However, global projections remain incomplete, hindering effective policy interventions amid uncertain warming futures2. Here, we developed an interpretable machine learning framework to project global burned areas and wildfire emissions. This framework accounts for the impacts of future climate change on fire activity and quantifies associated premature deaths and radiative forcing from fire-induced particulate matter (PM2.5). Here we show that from 2010–2014 to 2095–2099, fire carbon emissions are projected to increase by 23% under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 2-4.5. Increased fire-related aerosols reduce the 0.06 W m⁻² cooling effect north of 60°N. Projections show a surge in premature deaths from wildfire smoke, reaching 1.40 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.66–2.25) million annually during 2095–2099, roughly 6 times higher than current levels. Africa is projected to experience the greatest rise in fire-related deaths (11-fold), driven by emission changes and an aging population. Europe and the U.S. would experience a 1–2-fold increase under SSP2-4.5, linked to rising fire occurrences in the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere. Overall, the health burden would become more evenly distributed across nations of differing development levels than present patterns, underscoring the need for coordinated efforts.
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That Dirty Air? It May Worsen Alzheimer’s and Lewy Body Pathology
Polluted air leaves its mark on the brain. In the September 8 JAMA Neurology, Edward Lee and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, report that two decades of autopsies reveal a pattern: People who lived amid higher levels of fine-particle pollution died with a heavier load of plaques and tangles. The paper appeared shortly after one in the September 4 Science tied air pollution to risk of Lewy body dementia. The authors, led by Xiao Wu of Columbia University, New York, with Ted Dawson, Shizhong Han, and Xiaobo Mao at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, went beyond epidemiology, reporting that fine particulate matter itself can cause α-synuclein to assemble into pathogenic fibrils. Together, the two papers strengthen the evidence linking pollution to pathology.
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The solution is quite simple: The 8 Best Air Purifiers of 2025 | Reviews by Wirecutter
Don’t go hiking in an area with high air pollution. Use a car with a HEPA filter. Measure.
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I’m really surprised to see Britain’s air rated as so clean… . London’s air, in particular, still has way higher PM2.5 levels than most American cities (I’ve tested it)…
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Hm so when I was high (on just caffeine) i impulsively posted Portugal’s air as being 3rd cleanest in europe [though you have to count out iceland which doesn’t 100% count]. This claim was almost right in 2022 and right in 2021… (only beaten by sweden and finland that year)… not as much in 2023.
[2021 was the peak year of my life so naturally ALL my references come from that year[
London looks identical to NYC: World's Most Polluted Countries in 2024 - PM2.5 Ranking | IQAir
Of course, pollution is highly local. Overall, I found the air in London very clean (I measure), with the exception of the Tube…
Thx for the link. I’ll plan to buy a couple more for the house, so I’ll add some of these to my cart to compare sale prices for Amazon Prime day Oct 7.
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You know what’s crazy? It’s that not just air pollution that kills people at scale. But bizarrely, the biggest killer is hurricanes - not directly but indirectly through other mechanisms. This is so weird, but true, it even explains many regional lifespan discrepancies as in the Southeast including affecting newborns a decade before they are born.
Did Scientists Just Figure Out Why People Die A DECADE Earlier in the Southeast US? (PBS Terra)
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Not sure if I buy that. Here in Hong Kong, we experience numerous typhoons (there’s a super typhoon tomorrow, which is closing work and school for two days!). Yet we have one of the highest life expectancies anywhere.
I haven’t watched the video, but I’m not sure if I think inclement weather causes people to die earlier unless it unleashes some kind of bacteriological disaster.
Exposure to ambient air pollution and onset of Parkinson’s disease in a large cohort study 2025
Overall, no significant associations were found between PM2.5, NO2 exposure, and PD onset for this cohort, or in males, females, and those aged 50+ years. However, we found some evidence of a statistically significant association between air pollution exposure and PD onset, using our prescriptions-based proxy, among under-50s. In the absence of alternative measures of PD onset for this cohort, it remains unclear how to interpret this estimated association.
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This is not directly related, but speaking of air pollution, it also depends on the car exhaust control technology as in this example - pretty amazing:
10 Most Broken Cars Still Driving in Africa (Turvoi)
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E.P.A. to Stop Considering Lives Saved When Setting Rules on Air Pollution
In a reversal, the agency plans to calculate only the cost to industry when setting pollution limits, and not the monetary value of saving human lives, documents show.
For decades, the Environmental Protection Agency has calculated the health benefits of reducing air pollution, using the cost estimates of avoided asthma attacks and premature deaths to justify clean-air rules.
Not anymore.
Under President Trump, the E.P.A. plans to stop tallying gains from the health benefits caused by curbing two of the most widespread deadly air pollutants, fine particulate matter and ozone, when regulating industry, according to internal agency emails and documents reviewed by The New York Times.
It’s a seismic shift that runs counter to the E.P.A.’s mission statement, which says the agency’s core responsibility is to protect human health and the environment, environmental law experts said.
Read the Full article: E.P.A. to Stop Considering Lives Saved When Setting Rules on Air Pollution (NY Times)
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Analysis of postmortem brains from children & young adult from fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-exposed metropolitan Mexico City (n=189, avg age=26yrs) finds 37% of under 17yrs had evidence of Alzheimer’s & Parkinson’s-associated neuropathological markers.
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Find — or make — a portable air purifier
The California Air Resources Board recommends portable mechanical air cleaners with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter that collects very small particles and does not emit ozone or other harmful substances.
Make a ‘clean air room’ — and keep it cool
The EPA suggests designating a ‘clean air room’ in your home, one you can quickly seal off from any outside air and in which you can run a portable clean air filter. If excessive heat is a concern where you live, and you have a room with an air conditioner, this room might be best to select — just be sure to keep the fresh-air intake closed on any air conditioners to prevent outdoor smoke from getting inside. If it’s not feasible to designate a single clean air room, consider purchasing multiple portable air purifiers and ensure your home is properly sealed to outside air.
During heat waves, pay attention to temperature forecasts and know how to stay safe in the heat. Even if you don’t have air conditioning, keep doors and windows closed. This can reduce pollutant levels by 50%, according to the EPA. If you can’t stay cool at home or at a friend or relative’s house, the EPA suggests seeking relief at a clean air shelter or other large building with air conditioning and good filtration.
Stock up on filters for your air purifiers now
Whether for portable air purifiers or a central HVAC system (if you have one), it’s a good idea to stock up on replacement air filters before the need arises. If you wait until smoky air descends, the EPA warns, supplies may be out of stock or may not arrive in time to be helpful.
If you’re using a central HVAC system, make sure to purchase high-efficiency filters rated MERV-13 or higher.
Have masks ready to wear
As for what kind of masks offer the best protection against wildfire smoke, the answer is still: that collection of N95 or KN95 masks you may have stocked up on due to COVID. If you don’t have any left, now is a good time to stock up.
As for N95 masks with exhalation valves, it’s worth noting that these masks work well for wildfire smoke and may be easier to breathe through longer-term. But they’re less effective at stopping the spread of diseases like COVID — even with tape over the valve.
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When we had air index reaching 460 for 2 days in July because of Canadian fires smoke I was wearing a portable hepa filter. It’s an N95 mask with a flexible tube attached that connects to hepa filter hanging near chest. Worked very well, supplied strong flow of clean air, but…looked ridiculous (not that I cared much). After two days of that hell I had to leave the area for a few days. Air pollution gets pricier and pricier.
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I have an older levoit and a Coway Omega Mighty I bought last year. This is my first test of the Coway in smoke and what I found interesting and worth sharing is the house smells like an ashtray, yet the auto detection still has it running on low and the air quality light is blue (for good air). The Levoit auto mode didn’t detect anything either.
Claude Fable told me that happens and is to be expected. (And yes, I’m overriding it)
I also learned from Fable I had wrongly sized my air purifiers for my house due to large rooms PLUS high ceilings. I was not thinking about ceiling heights!
I now have 3 large Blueair Signatures on the way. I hesitated spending so much money, but I after fighting with myself, I realized spending all this money on supplements but being frugal on my air quality is exactly the wrong move. It still hurts my soul!!!