Here’s a question, if you happen to know…
So, I won’t be taking 3 a day just because I am already taking other mag and a long list of other items…
Does anyone think there is a pro or con to taking 1 per day (smaller dose) vs 3 per day less often?
I imagine it doesn’t matter, but I don’t know how life works 
Many of the videos on YouTube are suffering from bloat, like a good magazine article that has been expanded to the size of a dull book. On the other hand, YouTube has a number of great instructional videos, which can help to illuminate a dense and difficult subject. I’ve learned a lot from YouTube, but I tend to stay away talking heads.
Exposure to air pollution was associated with worse cases of Alzheimer’s disease in a study that analyzed autopsied brain tissue from several hundred patients.
A study by University of Pennsylvania researchers linked increased exposure to air pollution to worse cases of Alzheimer’s disease. They specifically looked at the smallest category of pollutants: particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less. That’s at least 30 times smallerthan the average strand of human hair.
Pollutants of this size are considered particularly hazardous and come from a variety of sources, including combustion, car exhaust, and wildfire smoke.
“These particles are small enough that if you inhale them, they pass readily into your bloodstream. Some of it could probably get directly into your brain,” said Edward Lee, the senior author of the study published Sept. 8 in the medical journal JAMA Neurology.
Alzheimer’s Moonshot Community member Moneta Health raised $4.5M to expand access to cognitive care. Focused on brain health, Moneta is pioneering “physical therapy for your brain” through simple, effective, AI-powered exercises over the phone (including landlines). Other rounds this week included new capital for hybrid pediatrics, virtual neurology, enterprise telehealth, and a wave of AI-driven platforms spanning biotech, clinical trials, and women’s health.
» Read on Health Transformer Journal
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Cross linking the other thread for those interested: Air pollution and the effects on health - #64 by RapAdmin
Studies have found that many vaccines may be associated with a reduced risk of dementia — here are four of the most common ones with the strongest links.
The flu shot
An estimated 47 million to 82 million people in the United States — about 13 to 24 percent of all people — caught influenza, or the flu, during the 2024-2025 season with 27,000 to 130,000 Americans dying as a result, according to preliminary data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (Flu season generally runs from October to May in North America.)
The shingles vaccine
The shingles vaccine has the strongest evidence for reducing the risk of dementia with multiple large-scale studies in the past two years corroborating the results of older studies.
In one 2025 study, researchers tracked more than 280,000 adults in Wales and found that the shingles vaccine was linked with reducing dementia risk by 20 percent over a seven-year period.
The RSV vaccine
Respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV, is a common respiratory virus that can cause mild, cold-like symptoms in most people, but may cause severe infections in children as well as adults ages 65 and older. (The virus is the leading cause of hospitalization among American infants and causes an estimated 10o to 300 deaths in children under 5, and 6,000 to 10,000 deaths in people 65 or older, every year in the U.S.)
The Tdap vaccine
Several studies have reported that the vaccine against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (or whooping cough), or Tdap, is associated with a reduced risk of dementia.
One 2021 study with over 200,000 patients reported that older adults who received both the shingles and Tdap vaccines had further reduced risk of dementia compared with those who only received one of the vaccines.
Read the full story: 4 vaccines linked to a lower risk of dementia (WaPo)
Those are staggering numbers, increasing mild impairment by 38%. But still, you get worse odds in Las Vegas. Choosing between A. B, and C, when all three have their drawbacks, I’ll take sleep. “Sleep that knits up the raveled sleeve of care.”
From Nature:
Replacing immune cells called microglia holds promise for addressing brain conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease.
A fresh supply of the immune cells that keep the brain tidy might one day help to treat a host of conditions, from ultra-rare genetic disorders to more familiar scourges, such as Alzheimer’s disease.
In the past few months, a spate of new studies have highlighted the potential of a technique called microglia replacement and explored ways to make it safer and more effective. “This approach is very promising,” says Pasqualina Colella, who studies gene and cell therapy at Stanford University School of Medicine in California. “But the caveat is the toxicity of the procedure.”
Read the full article: Swapping old immune cells in the brain with fresh ones could treat disease (Nature)
Microglia replacement is an emerging experimental technique in neuroscience and geroscience that aims to rejuvenate or reset the brain’s immune system by removing dysfunctional microglia and allowing new, healthy microglia to repopulate the central nervous system (CNS).
Here’s a detailed breakdown:
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and spinal cord.
They are critical for:
With age or in disease states (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis), microglia can become chronically activated, dysfunctional, or senescent, producing inflammatory signals that contribute to neurodegeneration.
The central idea is to remove the dysfunctional microglia population and allow the brain to repopulate with new, healthy microglia.
This is typically done by:
Pharmacological depletion:
Genetic depletion models:
Bone marrow transplantation approaches:
Timing & duration:
Aging brain: “resetting” the microglial population may restore youthful immune surveillance and reduce chronic neuroinflammation.
Neurodegenerative diseases:
Traumatic brain injury and stroke: Replacing dysfunctional microglia may improve recovery and synaptic remodeling.
Rodent studies:
Disease models:
Longevity & geroscience relevance:
Origin of repopulating cells:
Human translation:
Potential risks:
Integration with other therapies:
In summary:
Microglia replacement is like “wiping the slate clean” for the brain’s immune system—removing old, dysfunctional microglia and letting the brain repopulate with new, functional ones. It holds promise for neurodegenerative diseases, brain aging, and CNS injuries, but is still an early-stage technique requiring careful study of safety and long-term effects.
Approximately 2 out of every 3 people living with Alzheimer disease in the US is a woman, Harvard neuropsychologist Rachel Buckley, PhD, noted. “Women actually tend to live with dementia for much longer than men.”
A recently published study in JAMA Neurology seems to bear that out. The nationwide cohort study used Medicare enrollment data for approximately 5.7 million patients aged 65 years or older who’d been diagnosed with dementia from any cause between 2014 and 2021, with up to 8 years of follow-up. About 3.3 million were women, whereas 2.4 million were men. A year after they were diagnosed with dementia, about 27% of men had died, compared with 22% of women. After accounting for age, comorbidities, access to health care, and other factors, the all-cause mortality rate 1 year after diagnosis was 24% higher for men than for women.
Full story:
The Sad Case of The Youngest-Ever Alzheimer’s Diagnosis : ScienceAlert The Sad Case of The Youngest-Ever Alzheimer's Diagnosis : ScienceAlert
Scientists at UC San Francisco and Gladstone Institutes have identified cancer drugs that promise to reverse the changes that occur in the brain during Alzheimer’s, potentially slowing or even reversing its symptoms.
The study first analyzed how Alzheimer’s disease altered gene expression, the activity of genes in a cell, in single cells in the human brain. Then, researchers looked for existing drugs that were already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and cause the opposite changes to gene expression.
They were looking specifically for drugs that would reverse the gene expression changes in neurons and in other types of brain cells called glia, all of which are damaged or altered in Alzheimer’s disease. Next, the researchers analyzed millions of electronic medical records to show that patients who took some of these drugs as part of their treatment for other conditions were less likely to get Alzheimer’s disease.
When they tested a combination of the two top drugs — both of which are cancer medications — in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s, it reduced brain degeneration in the mice, and even restored their ability to remember.
Full story:
https://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(25)01030-X
The two drugs are letrozole (an aromatase inhibitor) and irinotecan (a topoisomerase-I inhibitor). (PubMed)
How they were picked (human-data–first):
Real-world signal:
In-vivo validation (mice with both Aβ and tau pathology):
Primary source & status:
Institutional summaries (helpful plain-language overviews with images):
Very interesting. And again makes me wonder why they don’t attempt intranasal delivery to moot the toxicology concerns. I guess tough to spray mice up the nose…
Letrozole is a orally delivered tablet:
Irinotecan is an IV-delivered drug:
Perhaps possible to delivery intranasally, but I suspect it would take some development work to perfect it and make it efficient.
RESULTS: AD brains had greater Akt phosphorylation, but only AD males had greater downstream mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation. AD females showed lower mitochondrial complex IV respiration. AD brains had greater expression of synaptic markers α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, glutamate receptor 1, and synaptophysin, while AD females had a higher expression ELKS1. Microglial expression was lower in AD gray matter, AD females had higher microglial expression in white matter, while cytokine interleukin 2 content was greater in AD brains.
DISCUSSION: Markers of impaired insulin signaling, impaired mitochondrial function, and greater neuroinflammation were found in AD brains. Female brains had greater differences in metabolic signaling than males and this dysregulation is unique/worse with AD.
So brain penetrant mTOR inhibitors might not be as beneficial in men vs women.
Alzheimer’s gene variant in Chinese linked to rapid decline: Hong Kong study
Open access paper:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-64173-9
Whether it’s dancing the tango or playing the guitar, engaging in a creative pastime can slow brain ageing, according to a study of dancers, musicians, artists and video game players from multiple countries.
The analysis used brain clocks — models that measure the difference between a person’s chronological age and the age their brain appears to be — to assess whether creative activities help to maintain neurological youth. In brain regions that are most susceptible to ageing, engaging in creative activities increased connections with different areas of the brain. Although experts had ‘younger’ brains than their less-experienced counterparts did, even learning a creative skill from scratch had an anti-ageing effect on the brain.
The findings were published on 3 October in Nature Communications 1.
Read the full Nature News article: Creative hobbies could slow brain ageing at the molecular level
