Looks like you got it reversed 
@Paperbill 21.4mg/kg x 0.454kg/ppound = 9.7156mg/pound.
70kg x 21.4 = 1498mg and 154.185 pound x 9.7156 = 1498mg
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Researchers recently performed a follow-up study of participants from the trial to determine the long-term outcomes of using beta carotene vs. lutein/zeaxanthin. They determined that while the former nearly doubled a patient’s risk of developing lung cancer, no such risk existed from taking lutein/zeaxanthin. In addition, they found that the nutrient also seemed to be superior in preventing or slowing late AMD progression.
The lutein/zeaxanthin formulation does not increase the risk of development of lung cancer in current or former smokers the way that beta-carotene does.
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I stand corrected. Thanks. 2.2 pounds equals one kilogram.
To be clear, I’m not against lutein. I cycle a small amount myself. I just mean the fact that there is some cancer signal from lutein at low doses in humans is a concerning read-through to a 100x higher dose of astaxanthin (using the ITP study dose) for a carotenoid with higher antioxidant potential.
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When it comes to carotenoids, Bryan Kennedy tested once beta carotene in mice - he said it decreased lifespan of male mice by 20% - but increased maximum lifespan of mice that survived - he tested only 1 dose - and he didn’t say how big dose was
So carotenoids can be quite dangerous (not in short term but in long-term)
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This doesn’t seem to be worth taking seriously. VITAL was only an observational study, whereas the AREDS study cited by @DeStrider came out of an RCT and found no signal. And as JuanDaw noted, the numerical increase in risk in VITAL was driven by “only 2 lung cancer cases in the individual lutein supplement use category” in a population of 77,126 people and 521 incident lung cancer cases. That’s easily within the realm of chance.
Quoting the ITP paper:
Astaxanthin (Asta) was obtained from Cardax (Honolulu, HI) and fed at a target amount of 4000 ppm in the diet. The Asta supplied by Cardax consisted of synthetic Asta finely dispersed in a water dispersible beadlet formulation. The superior bioavailability of synthetic Asta beadlets compared to microalgal Asta was demonstrated in a human pharmacokinetic study (approximately threefold higher exposure in plasma over 24 h; [66] [ this appears to be the wrong citation: the correct citation seems to be [ [67]) ] and in a non-human primate pharmacokinetic study (approximately eightfold higher exposure in plasma over 96 h; [67]) [should actually be [68]]. Importantly, synthetic Asta is a pure form of Asta, whereas microalgal and other natural extracts of Asta are complex mixtures of Asta esters (mono-esterified and di-esterified with fatty acids), Asta, and other byproducts [68,69,70].
If the bioavailability claim is solid, then all the calculations people are doing to estimate human dosing are 3-8x too low if people are using the standard Haematococcus pluvialis-extracted material.
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It actually appears this is the company that sent their product to the ITP but it’s the exact same more bioavailabile form of Astaxanthin
Zanthosyn is the branded name for Cardax’s synthetic asta, which the ITP paper (quoted above) says they got from Cardax. AX3 and Cardax are both selling the same product and are located in Honolulu. I’m assuming they’re the same company using different names for different business purposes.
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Related:
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Did you you at the papers if in human and primates - anything more key to know from them?
Interesting that it was 8-fold in primates at 48 hours compared to natural. Could it be that the 3-fold in human is because of it just being at 24 hours - wonder what happens with repeat doing over a longer time period in humans.
When it comes to carotenoids, Bryan Kennedy tested once beta carotene in mice - he said it decreased lifespan of male mice by 20% - but increased maximum lifespan of mice that survived - he tested only 1 dose - and he didn’t say how big dose was.
From what I’ve read, it is beta carotene as a supplement that is bad, not carotenoids from food. I have not read any material excoriating carotene in carrots, pumpkins, or tomatoes.
Curiously, Bryan Kennedy applied for a patent which includes beta carotene.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the vitamin A compound is selected from the group consisting of retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl palmitate, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and gammacarotene.
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Looks like he has AKG, vitamin A and berberine about covered.
I’ve been thinking about AKG, but not tried it yet. Doing so much it seems like I might end up with supplements canceling each other out.
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Believe it or not, back in the day, people were overdosing on beta-carotene to get a fake sun tan.
It was a hot item in the press etc, until it started to be associated with lung cancer.
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Are you perhaps thinking of cryptoxanthin? Beta-carotene doesn’t make you look tan no matter how much you take.
Natural astaxanthin is too expensive, so I plan to take BASF or DSM’s synthetic astaxanthin, which is very cheap. What are everyone’s opinions?
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Great idea. Let us know how it works out.
Naked mole-rat is a paragon of rodent longevity and displays both enhanced NRF2 activity and remarkable cancer resistance. Upregulating endogenous antioxidant synthesis is a more subtle approach than systemic small molecule antioxidants, and would be more likely to preserve physiological ROS signaling.
We used a comparative approach and examined Nrf2-signaling activity in naked mole-rats and nine other rodent species with varying maximum lifespan potential (MLSP). We found that constitutive Nrf2-signaling activity was positively correlated (P = 0.0285) with MLSP and that this activity was also manifested in high levels of downstream gene expression and activity. Surprisingly, we found that species longevity was not linked to the protein levels of Nrf2 itself, but rather showed a significant (P < 0.01) negative relationship with the regulators Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) and β-transducin repeat-containing protein (βTrCP), which target Nrf2 for degradation.
Regulation of Nrf2 signaling and longevity in naturally long-lived rodents
In addition to their longevity, naked mole rats show an unusual resistance to cancer. Multi-year observations of large naked mole-rat colonies did not detect a single incidence of cancer
High-molecular-mass hyaluronan mediates the cancer resistance of the naked mole rat
When you look at the bowhead whale, current evidence suggests they achieve 200yr+ MLS by minimizing genomic damage, primarily via enhanced efficiency and fidelity of double-strand break repair, which can be caused by ROS. Low cancer incidence as well despite 1,000x more cells than humans, which suggests that efficiently and accurately repairing genomic lesions (or preventing them in the first place) is more effective than layers of tumor suppressor mechanisms.
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I believe many of these drugs & supplements that are beneficial are more likely to be synergistic than antagonistic. Just look at Rapamycin & Acarbose or Glycine & NAC working better together.
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I believe this ties well into glycine and NAC (cysteine) which create glutathione (GSH) the ‘master’ antioxidant. GLYNAC does increase life expectancy in mice quite dramatically. High GSH levels are also associated with longer lifespans in humans.
You are right, but some people thought it did based on some bad reporting. I personally knew a lady that was using it for that.