This approach had significant benefits for immune function.
The first component the researchers included was AM3, a compound that is core to the Inmunoferon supplement and is an immunomodulator that has been found in trials to aid against infections [1]. Some prior work has found that AM3 also assists against immunosenescence [2]. However, as these researchers note, little work has been done in that area, and that work did not establish whether or not it could do anything to curtail age-related immune dysfunction.
The second component was spermidine, a polyamine that has been reported to improve the cellular maintenance process known as autophagy, thereby also ameliorating immunosenescence [3]. Spermidine has also been reported to assist in gut function by returning macrophage polarization to a less inflammatory state [4].
The third component was hesperidin, a flavonoid that recent prior work had found to have potential effects against multiple diseases, including hepatitis [5] and several metabolism-related disorders, such as diabetes [6], obesity [7], and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [8]. The researchers hold that these effects most likely originate from its effects against inflammation, such as its suppression of the senescence-related protein MMP-9 [9], and on immune response [10].