The more I’ve looked into this, the more impressive Tadalafil seems to be:
UK biobank data: Tadalafil reduced mortality at all doses. 10 mg/d: HR 0.72, CI 0.58–0.89. That is a massive effect size (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acel.14334)
A study of 50 million men: Tadalafil use was associated with significantly reduced risks of all-cause mortality (RR 0.66), myocardial infarction (0.73), stroke (0.66), venous thromboembolism (0.79), and dementia (0.68) in erectile dysfunction patients. (https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(24)00705-8/fulltext) Disclaimer that these patients had ED, which perhaps reflects underlying issues.
Study of 30,000 insurance records: Tadalafil claims were associated with 19% lower MACE, 55% lower cardiovascular deaths, 44% lower all-cause death compared to closely matched men, over a mean follow-up of 37 months. Preparing to download ...
Study in Swedish men comparing Tadalafil versus alprostadil. This is very important because it goes after one of the major confounders, that guys taking Cialis are likely to be healthy enough to engage in sex.
This study included 16,548 men treated with PDE5i and 1,994 treated with alprostadil. The mean follow-up was 5.8 years, with 2,261 deaths (14%) in the PDE5i group and 521 (26%) in the alprostadil group. PDE5i compared with alprostadil treatment was associated with lower mortality (hazard ratio: 0.88; 95% confidence interval: 0.79 to 0.98) and with similar associations for MI, heart failure, cardiovascular mortality, and revascularization.
And there was some dose-dependent effect:
When quintiles (q) of filled PDE5i prescriptions were compared using q1 as reference, patients in q3, q4, and q5 had lower all-cause mortality. Among alprostadil users, those in q5 had a lower all-cause mortality compared to q1.
In mice, Tadalafil is protective after induced myocardial infarction (Tadalafil Prevents Acute Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction in Mice - PMC) reducing fibrosis from 21.9% to 8.8% of the left ventricle. It also was protective after stroke in rats (Tadalafil, a long-acting type 5 phosphodiesterase isoenzyme inhibitor, improves neurological functional recovery in a rat model of embolic stroke - PubMed) improving neurological recovery (but without affecting the size of the injury area).
There is a very nice study here: Chronic inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 with tadalafil affords cardioprotection in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome: role of nitric oxide | Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry | Springer Nature Link They dosed mice with tadalafil for 28 days, then gave them myocardial infarctions. But, what is awesome is that they did an experiment where they removed the hearts and hooked them up to a perfusion system, then induced myocardial infarction (i.e. ex vivo). The hearts from pre-treated mice took less damage and maintained better function - all while outside the body (i.e. independent from vasodilation, neural input, hormones etc). That means the drug actually did something to the cardiac cells to make them more resilient.
And for longevity, this study in C.elegans (Comprehensive evaluation of lifespan‐extending molecules in C. elegans - PMC ) found that Tadalafil was 1 of only 5 compounds identified (out of ~200 screened) that reproducibly extended lifespan. However, this was not found in the Ora C.elegans experiments (Million Molecule Challenge Results and Leaderboard – Ora Biomedical, Inc.) This is interesting because worms don’t have vascular systems (or penises), meaning the effect presumably doesn’t come from vasodilation,
In terms of downsides: common side effects are headaches, flushing, stuffy nose (I get this one at any higher than 5mg/eod) and lower back pain. All resolve after stopping. Serious side effects: ear ringing, hearing loss, and very rarely there are reports of people losing their vision. That sounds scary, but the drug is safe enough that even in the UK it’s now basically available over-the-counter after a very quick pharmacist questionnaire, and it’s advertised openly in normal pharmacies.
All together, this looks like a fairly powerful pro-longevity drug to me, with very few downsides.